impact
stakes：利害关系，高利害/低利害，连续体
stakeholders：利益相关者
formative test：periodically
*ongoing feedback to students
没有反馈就起不到“形成性”的功能
Function of Language Assessment: Collecting Information
direct testing vs. indirect testing
discrete point testing（分离式测试） vs. integrative testing（综合测试）
alignment（对接）：课程标准、教学和评价的一致性
如：任务型教学法不使用分离式测试的方式
、测试 test: clicit → 推断
测量 measurement: quantifying → 数字化; explicit rules and p*edures = standard
评价 assessment: collecting information proess; systemantic → replicability → reliability; sybstantively grounded → theory/syllabus → validity
评估 evaluation: assessment结果的应用，教学决策
Toolkits
Assessment should use various methods/techniques.
Features of assessment: systematic + substantively grounded
内容标准：教学服务，学的内容和技能
表现标准：评价服务，显示学生某方面的水平
深化考试制度改革：基础性综合性；国家题库和外语能力测评体系建设
外语能力测评体系：覆盖各阶段、各能力、评价体系；任务是制定量表、考试质量标准、内容改革、建立形成性和终结性测评体系
量表：
高考评价体系：why 立德树人；考什么；怎么考
坚持正确导向、提高命题质量、加强队伍建设、完善保障机制
为什么：目标使用语言的环境与日常生活中使用语言有差别，因此需要在构念时考虑这些差别
问题有：1. 构念不相关差异（外部因素）；2. 构念代表不足（测试内容不能抓住构念的某些重点）
语言知识组成：1.组构知识 2. 语用知识
策略能力：目标设定、评估、规划
评价对象的考量：个人特征、话题的熟悉、情感图示
避免bias（偏颇）-构念相关与不相关的bias
相关：知识点、能力等，在教学、测评设计中注意
不相关：话题、设备等，要在设计中避免
反拨效应
公平性、信度（测量的稳定性）、效度
为什么：测评素养培训缺失；研究方法有缺陷；教师对数据统计的畏惧；学会评价才能确定评价标准
概念：影响教学决策的基本评价概念和程序。理解-开发-促进参与-反馈
怎么做：确定评价的目的；目标与方法匹配；具体技能；课堂与评价结合。
Assessment record types
selected-response objective scoring; constructed-response objective scoring; constructed-response subjective scoring
(Haladyna & Rordriguez, 2013)
rubric
一般做成表格样式
A rubric is a grid usually used to assess someone's speaking or writing performance. A rubric has two axes: one with scores all along and the other with some criteria (categories) against which the thest taker's performance will be assessed. What appears inside each cell is called the descriptor. Rubrics can be used for criterion-referenced assessment as well as norm-referenced ones.
(Coombe, 2018)
there are different types of rubrics: analytic rubric, holistic rubric, task-dependent and task-independent rubrics. in research and assessment, there are also some rubric-like instruments such as checklists and numerical rating scales.
Analytic marking or analytic scoring is a mehtod of scoring or evaluating that allocates individual scores for different aspects of a student's performance. For instrance, in analytic marking of students' writing, different elements of writing like organization, grammar, word choice, and mechanics are evaluated separately.
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语言评价，
设计，开发，评估
评价的促学作用
testing for langugae teachers
oderson 词汇评价，听力评价，语法评价
chengliying
assesement in language classroom
cambridge guide to second language assessment
