四个合作法则1.合适的数量

2.最佳质量（直接有效信息）

3.举止观众可以接受

4.把你和观众联系到一起

回答问题逻辑

1.从中心开始衍生

2.进行澄清阐明 要谨慎防止观点

3.事实阐明

4.重新定义

暂时阐明

其他依据 阐明

空间频率 上下文 阐明

提问者 一步步线索 尝试回答到特殊地方

结尾

功能：强调观点、留下印象

就近原则、近因效应5%-10%

主题重述restatement

观点摘要summarize

终篇强调语

（motivate your audience to remember and respond）

use language effectively

use language clearly

  1. make sure the word means what you think it means 

   2. pay attention to shades of meaning

cohort / colleagues 

bad/ insidious

sad / miserable

   3. avoid redundancy 

fearless and courageous warrior

   4. avoid clusters

so actually machine is overforming in a lot of areas compared with man.

machine ourperforms man in many areas.

   5. avoid "poetic" ambiguity 

辞藻堆砌过多、修饰成分太多，不够准确、简洁、直接。

use language vividly 

1. create word pictures 

Mary Fisher --A Whisper of AIDS

2017哥伦比亚大学毕业演讲

2. parallel wording 

Viola Davis's speech at teh Oscars, 2017

use language appropritately

1. be sensitive to the audience

2. avoid slang

3. avoid the generic "he" in hypothetical examples 

golden rules for writing a speech

1. use nouns and verbs 

2. trust your ears 

speeches are written for ears. 

找到感兴趣的点

避免覆盖的面太大

思想要有深度与广度

自身经历出发

引人入胜的观点和真诚的沟通

how to conclude a speech

three functions 

   summarize and reemphasize your main ideas 1/4

  motive your audience to remember and respond

  provide a sense of closure

the principle of proximity or recency (就近原则、近因效应)

结尾将成为听众记住演讲内容的关键

强调主要观点的最后机会

需要好好设计，与开篇形成首尾呼应

占演讲时长的5%--10%

how to conclude your speech 

1. summarize and reemphasize your main ideas 

1) 主题重述 （thesis restatement）

2) 主要观点摘要（main point summary）

2. motive your audience to remember and respond 

clincher (终篇强调语)

在演讲结尾部分突出主要观点、强调记忆的那些语句。

借助一种或几种可以吸引观众注意力的方法

修辞疑问句或直接疑问句

引语

假设

令人震惊的事实或数据

行动号召

幽默

运用排比，增加观众记住演讲内容的可能性

和开篇呼应，充分考虑之前用的“注意力捕手”

对自己先前提出的问题作出回答

将开篇的假设场景和结尾的真是场景有机结合

provide a sense of closure

  语言暗示

  非语言暗示

       pause 

      slow your speaking rate

      walk closer to your audience

      signal by vocal inflection

慎用that's all; thank you. 

结尾强调观点的最后机会

引用，和前面演讲内容的衔接。

how to support your ideas

  major kinds of supporting materials 

 examples 

  brief examples (less detailed)

     mentions a specific instance to illustrate a geneal statement

   简要事例单独使用

   简要事例与修辞手法相结合

  extended examples (detailed)

      a narrative, an illustration or an anecdote which contains more details to illustreate a point

     名人事迹

     个人经历

      电影场景

  hypothetical examples (fictional)

     describe a fictitious situation

     you should not present the example as real, and you should ensure your example is relevant to the point.     

statistics 

testimony 

  expert testimony

  peer testimony

how to choose supporting materials 

  variety

  balance

  relevance

  credibility 

search for supporting materials 

   外研社unipus微信公众号

  Uchallenge官网

  经典的文学作品

  杰出的演讲作品

  辩论大赛

  英美剧和电影、纪录片

how to organize the body of speech

3分钟定题演讲 

？plausible 言之有理

basic knowledge 

main points: major ideas or arguments 

 2 functions: to convince audience, to explain viewpoint 

organization 组织

 a process of providing a clear, and reasonable way of thinking to the audience

 an integration of your ideas and supporting materials 

formulate the body of your speech before you plan the beginning and ending of your speech.

once you have some ideas fragments, you need to find the internal relations between them and look for a presentation pattern for your major views. (提炼2-4个观点）

match your main points with appropriate supporting materials.

use connectives and transitions to make your speech fluent. 

外研社杯演讲类型：告知式演讲+说服型演讲

1. 让听众”理解“一个告知式演讲的论题

2. 让听众”认同“一个说服型演讲的观点

organize the main points in a logical way

 narrative pattern 叙事性结构模式

 整个演讲由一个或者多个故事来传递观点

 力求故事付诸于情感

 让听众在具体的描述中接受你的结论 

  例子：  --基于观察的细节描述；同伴意见；基于思考的解释

topical pattern 主题型结构模式

 适合于讨论某一个概念的不同层面

 条论可以从小到大，从简单到复杂，等等

主题型模式适用范围最广

 refutative pattern 反驳模式

 通过否定一个”成见“来支持自己的观点

 当目标听众持有这种”成见“时，反驳模式特别有效

让听众认识到既有观点的缺陷，从而接受并支持你的立场和观点

例 定义--专家证言--可类比事例

problem/(cause)/solution pattern 问题--（原因）--解决模式

 指明一个人们容易忽略的问题

谈论问题的危害，强调它与听众的关联

提出一个行动诉求或行之有效的解决方案

 例： 假设（生活是一部小说）--基于思考的描述--举例

four types of connectives 

transitions 

complementary:

causal:

contrasting:

chronological: 

internal previews 

 a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

internal summaries 

 a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points. 

signposts 

a very brief statement that indicats where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

 强调数列顺序

 引导听众关注关键信息

预示进一步解释

凸显重要观点或表示演讲即将接近尾声

how to start a speech

I. two goals of a good introduction

 to express your viewpoints

to engage your audience 

II. how to make a "wow" introduction

thought is the wind, knowledge the sail, and mankind the vessel. ----Augustus Hare

tell a good story

  效果：empathy

  similar background--shared emotional connection--common interest or ideological position

question/ startle your audience

 效果：激发好奇心和思考

 不是······，也不是·····，而是······

make visual stimulation

  效果：引起注意，明晰要点

other techniques

 using quotations 

 using anaphora 首语重复(rhetoric device in which the same word or group of words at the beginning of severeal consecutive sentences is repeated to emphasize an image or a concept.)

III. useful tips

1. 开篇简洁凝练，破题立论，切忌冗长；

2. 遇到相同的开篇故事？提前做准备，时间充分的话，建议调整；角度加以区别；例子更深入；拓宽例子，非人云亦云。

3. 借用他人的故事，切记生搬硬套。契合主旨。多挖掘自己的故事和观点。

4. 适合自己的开篇方式——基于自己的演讲风格和文体 多尝试，敢于跳出自己的舒适区。多看、多听、多练习、多总结，多思考，勤动笔。练习动态呈现

5. 掌握开篇方式 勤学勤练 博采众长才能灵活机动。