Teaching second language writing: does planning before writing help?
PART ONE
1. The real value of research is that it helps to identify options that you can explore in our own teaching.
2.An option-based approach : it is up to each teacher to decide which option to adopt after taking account of factors in his/her teaching situation.
Part two
1. the advantages of planning: to help writers gather ideas, organize them into a coherent text, and formulate them into language.
2. some caveats: individual differs; depending on wrting task.
PATR THREE THE RESEARCH STUDIES
1. selection of studies 42 studies
2. characteristics of the studies : they were experimental in nature; varied in terms ho how PTP was implemented ; the written outputs werr evaluated by means of ratings or by mumerical measures of their ,accuracy and fluency.
no firm conlcusions are possible about participatory srtucture participatory stucture, but the results of these studies certainly suggest it is worth teachers experimenting with this option.
the benefits of PTP may depend on the writing task.
Maybe PTP is only effective if learners have sufficient proficiency to paln effectively.
CONCLUSION
the value of research lies in the insights it provides about the options that potentially affect learning and the idea for implementing these options.
