学习概念，系统互动。概念通过物化方式理解。

日常概念来源于生活。科学概念系统性：数理化等

1. 科学概念对二语教学的启示

tools for result 

concepts are not just empty explanations; rather, they need to be functional tools to faciliatate problem solving. 

tools -for result are constructed with a firm goal in mind 

tools and result are modeled and utilized as part of the results