Three metafunctions:
1. Interpersonal
2.
3. Experiential metafunction: TRANSITIVITY
process, participant, circumstance
4. Communicative
5. Behavioral
6. Existential
7. Meteorological
Three metafunctions:
1. Interpersonal
2.
3. Experiential metafunction: TRANSITIVITY
process, participant, circumstance
4. Communicative
5. Behavioral
6. Existential
7. Meteorological
基础篇
Lecture1 基本概念
1. 引用
general linguistics
appliable linguistics
流派
formalism
functionalism: 把形式和意义联系 重点在意义
2. 简史
50s MAK halliday
three dimension
3. 特点: choice function stratification embody/realize体现关系
4. 术语:
d'f'd'f
eeeee
wwwww
Interpersonal metafuncation: Mood, tone, ..
Mood: Role assignment + Commodity exchange
Mood + Residue
Mood = Subject + Finite
predicator ≠ predicate
He (sub) is (finite) writing (predicator) a letter (complement)
小句:有没有过程(语义),有没有动词(语法)
人际功能:
1. 语气Mood
2. 情态Modality: 讲话人对信息的评估、态度
Modality is realized in the Mood element of the clause, either through the Finite or through Mood Adjunct.
+ polarity <-----Modality----> - polarity
Types of modality:
1. modalisation情态化: (information)
2. modulation意态化: (goods-&-services)
Modal Adjunct:
评论词语:unfortunately 不幸的是, surprisingly 令人吃惊的是, interestingly 有意思的是, in my opinion 在我看来
评估主要通过词来实现,也可以通过语法形式来实现(It is + important/interesting... + that-clause)
评价、评估:
协商
评价框架(Appraisal framework)
interpersonal:
3 metafunctions:
1. ideational: experiential & logical
2. interpersonal
3. textual: we use language to organize messages
Experiential metafunction: use language to talk about our expereince of the world, including the worlds in our own minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in them.
doer, going-on, done-to, place
Transitiviy: a system for describing the whole clause, rather than just the verb and its object
three questions:
1. process?
2. participants and roles?
3. circumstances?
Transtivity system (seven types of Process): all include "influential"
1. material/action process: physical action
2. mental process: mental activity
3. relational process: relationship
4. verbal/ communicative process: verbal action
5. behavioral process: behavior
6. existential process: existence
7. meterological process: weather
Material process:
participants: Actor, Goal
Actor: intentional and involuntary
one-role processes: Agent, Affected, Created, Range
two-role processes: Agent + Affected, Agent + Manner (He is doing well.), Agent-Carrier + Direction:Path, Source, Destination
three-role processes: Agent+Pro+Affected+Manner (我们对她很好);Agent + Manner + Pro + Affected (我们认真对待这件事);
*为什么Manner是Role?因为去掉Manner,句子不成立
Affected-Pheonomenon
Affented-Possessed
Influential processes: influential action processes:
她让他们跑了
老师允许我们使用电脑
Metafunctions
1. Experiential: talk about experience and logic
2. Interpersonal
3. Textual
Mental processes
Typical participants: Senser, Phenomenon
Processes:
Affection/emotion
Desideration
Perception
Cognition
1. Emotive mental processes
like type
please type
Em + Pro + Ph (她喜欢红色)
Ph + Pro + Em (Her response astonished me.) please type 汉语没有这样的语义配置系统
2. Desiderative mental process
want, wish...
3. Receptive mental processes
4. Cognitive mental processes
think, expect...
5. influential mental processes
She let him see her.
失败让她怀疑自己的能力
黄国文:生态语言学
(关系过程:一个事物和另一个事物之间的关系. something is saide to be sth else.
1. 归属类关系过程:某实体是某个群体的一员或负载着某种特征。实体可为人,物,情形等等,载体为carrier, 实体所具有的特征或特点为attribute. 载体ca 具有 at 特征
她是一名本科生。
ca+pro+at
她聪明
CA+pro
她聪明
She is clever.
归属类过程很少倒置
2. 识别类关系过程
一个具体标记(token):外表,符号,形式,名称,
一个抽象价值(价值,value):实质,意义,职能,身份
从语义配置角度讲,揭示的是我们所在社会的文化意识形态。
识别类前后等值,可以倒置
TK+PRO+Vl
她是我最好的朋友。
Vl+pro+TK
我最好的朋友是她。
3. 位置类关系过程
描述实体与其位置之间的关系,两个参与者分别是 ca和location, 位置可以是时间上的,也可以是空间上的,空间位置更常见。
ca+pro+loc
我的家在北京。
ag-ca +pro+loc
她生活在北京。
af-ca+pro+loc
她困在房间里。
4. 方向类关系过程
通常描述实体的一种静态方向,也就是实体(ca)与方向(dir)之间的关系。
方向包括source来源,path路径,destination目的地
5. 拥有类关系过程 possessive p*ess
两个参与者, possessor(posr); possessed(posd)
posr+pro+posd
她有很多书。
posd+pro+posr
这本书,属于他。
6. 关联类关系过程
相关方1 correlator 1
相关方2 correlator 2
语义配置:主要描述两个参与者通过过程联系在一起,这种过程通常表达一种静止的状态。
7. 影响类的关系过程(见word)
动作,心理,关系过程是语篇当中的最主要的三类过程。
分析:
关系过程及参与者角色分析
话语发出者怎么样使用语言来表征 自己所认识的世界,自己的想法,已经想法背后所表达的意思。
用功能语言学解读语篇表层以及背后的意义。
Q&A
1. 如何提高通过过程分析后对语篇背后意义的挖掘?
读后思考:what impressed me most?
读与语篇相关的周边信息,找到关联性。再结合过程分析逐一证明。
疑问:系统功能语言学的语篇分析只是对主观意向的自证?
2. 不同关系过程的使用频次有何分析意义?
动作过程多:务实,非空谈
e.g. 中美新冠新闻 及物性过程分析,(频次分析假设,中国动作过程多,美国动作过程少)
Experiential Metafunciton: Communicative, Behavioural, Existential and Meteorologial Processes
Review: Relational process
Six sub-categories:
Attributive: He is hansome. [Carrier, Attribute]
Identifying: He is our English teacher. [Token, Value]
Locational: He is in the room. [Carrier, Location]
Directional: He is from Xiong'an. [Carrier, Dir:Destination]
Possessive: He has a car. [Possessor, Possessed]
Correlational: These colors blend with the mountains. [Correlator 1, Correlator2]
1. Communicative processes
交流过程(言语过程):语言进行信息交换的经验过程,eg. 说话(saying)、意指(meaning)。
涉及:交流方(Comunicator)、交流内容(Communicated)、交流对象(Communicatee)等。在影响或使役甲流过
SFL是普通语言学也是使用语言学
系统的,功能的,应用的,研究实际问题的;重视语篇的
SFL采取的是进化的,而不是颠覆的
Hasan --context
理论-实践-再理论-再实践
四位学者
R. Hasan, R. Fawcett, J. Martin, C. Matthiessen.