系统功能语言学

Experiential, interpersonal, textual,logical

Experiential Function is the function to express human’s experience of the world, including physical one and mental one.

Logical function is to connect different experiential events logically.

They are 6 basic experiential processes and 1 special type, meteorological process. Each process has its own Influential (or conative使役) type.

Material/Action process:

Action process can be categorized into one-role, two-role, three-role types according to the number of participants involved in the process.

For ACTORS, if the process describes what is the actor doing, the actor is AGENT(施事), and the process is intentional; if the process describes what happens to the actor, the actor is AFFECTED（受事） and the process is involuntary.  

If the participant is unaffected during the process or not changed by the agent, it is called RANGE.

The participant is CREATED if created in the process.

MANNER, usually in the form of inevitable circumstantial adverbial to complement process verbs, is also a participant, e.g., he behaved very well.

The participant as the place where the agent goes from, through, by or to, is called DIRECTION.

The participant moving in the process is CARRIER.

As the start point, the Direction is SOURCE; as the place the agent goes through, it is PATH; as the destination, it’s DESTINATION.

经验功能：及物性系统、

过程 参与者 环境

语言的经验功能 逻辑功能 人际功能 语篇功能

经验功能 语言表征世界（外部世界，内心世界）

身体动作过程 心理活动 关系 言语行为 生理行为 存在 天气

行动过程 心理过程 关系过程 交流过程 生理过程 存在过程  气象过程（特殊的物质过程）

行动过程（分为一个角色 两个角色 三个角色）

心理过程（分为情感 意愿 感知 认知）

行动过程 用语言表征物理的动作行为（具体的或抽象的）doing runing throwing cooking sitting down and so on

参与者： 行为者和目标(actor goal)

actor: agent(he opened the door) ,affected(she tripped over the step)

参与者的类型：

一个角色过程  他来了  施事

             玻璃碎了  受事

             孩子出生了  创造物

             山爬过了  范围range

两个角色过程  他吃了一个苹果

             他被同学打了 

             母亲生了孩子（创造物和受事）

             她在弹钢琴  （施事和范围）

             他途径西安    （施事和方向） 

             他表现得很好   （施事和方式）

             包裹落向湖边（施事和目的地）

三个角色过程  我们对他很好  （施事 受事 方式）

             我们认真对待这件事（施事 方式 受事）

             他们送我到村口（施事 受事 目的）

              他从校图书馆借了一本书（施事 受事 方向）

              她展示给别人一张苦瓜脸（施事 受事 现象 范围）

影响过程  她让他们跑了   

问题：

生态话语分析  （《现代外语》）环境保护 社会系统（国与国关系 不同社会层次的关系）

及物动词  后跟宾语

及物性      及到几个参与者 描述经验活动  小句表征经验活动

过程种类和过程数量在话语分析中也是有意义的

3 metafunctions:

1. ideational: experiential & logical

2. interpersonal

3. textual: we use language to organize messages

Experiential metafunction: use language to talk about our expereince of the world, including the worlds in our own minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in them.

doer, going-on, done-to, place

Transitiviy: a system for describing the whole clause, rather than just the verb and its object

three questions:

1. process?

2. participants and roles?

3. circumstances?

Transtivity system (seven types of Process): all include "influential"

1. material/action process: physical action

2. mental process: mental activity

3. relational process: relationship

4. verbal/ communicative process: verbal action

5. behavioral process: behavior

6. existential process: existence

7. meterological process: weather

Material process:

participants: Actor, Goal

Actor: intentional and involuntary 

one-role processes: Agent, Affected, Created, Range

two-role processes: Agent + Affected, Agent + Manner (He is doing well.), Agent-Carrier + Direction:Path, Source, Destination

three-role processes: Agent+Pro+Affected+Manner (我们对她很好)；Agent ＋ Manner + Pro + Affected (我们认真对待这件事)；

＊为什么Manner是Role？因为去掉Manner，句子不成立

Affected-Pheonomenon

Affented-Possessed

Influential processes: influential action processes:

她让他们跑了

老师允许我们使用电脑