目标清晰，在设计课堂活动时就要有目的的如何如何具体的思辨能力培养的目的和方法，学生也要有有意识，不仅是来学语言点词汇，还要知道培养自己的思辨能力。

inquiry-based learning 

---involve ss

identify and research issues and questions to develop their knowledge or solutions

世界上确切的知识是很少的，很多是被不断地推翻。问题和探讨才是好的，苏格拉底式的对话。

举列：大学生应不应该结婚？

1.访谈5位同学

2.pairs:给对方说自己的调查，总结

3.两人达成共识，并汇报

书籍推荐：思辨方面---Paul and Elder,思想者指南

Ron Ritchhart ---making thinking visible 

课题申报：思辨能力和语言训练的兼容性研究、思政教育和英语教学的兼容性研究

孔子---独学而无友则孤陋寡闻

培根---reading makes a full man, writing an exact man, conference a ready man.

target affective dispositions explicitpaul and elder 主编的外研社rit

教学目标：包括思辨能力。词汇，语法，内容之外，思辨能力的培养。

notes types 

flowing notes 

assessment notes  

语言教学首先要教会学生如何思考

how to diliver a speech 

how should i act? 

be yourself 

how should i talk 

like you having a conversation 

vocal variety 

pitch 

rate 

volumne 

how should i stand?

neutral position 

holding notes 

no hostage(no hands behind backs)

how should i move 

no big gesturs 

biut you can use small gestures 

Aristotle's definition of rhetoric

finding all of hte available means of persuasion in any given circumstance

Aristotle's three artistic proofs

ethos--source credibility

logos--logical appeal

pathos--emotional appeal

Types of research

statistics

examples

expert tesimonial

obstacles while listening

1. drifting

2. electronic distractions

3. preoccupation in other issues

4. prejudice

5. selective perceptions

theory of nonconfrontation

communication happens whenever someone places meaning on sth

Axioms

--you cannot not communicate

--communication has relational and content aspects.

--communication can be intentional or unintentional

--communicaiton can be active or passive

--meanings are in people

substantially increase the quality and quantity of speaking opportunities.

思辨英语教学的八大原则（target，evaluate，reflect， routinize，inquire，fulfill，integrate，cooperate=terrific）

1. Target

--highlight CT objectives in your syllabus: cognitive skills and affective dispositions

---make CT explicit through the teaching procedure

《大学英语思辨教程》

2. Inquire 探究

思辨英语教学应提供通过思辨进行探索的机会

inquiry-based learning

--present established facts or portraying a smooth path to knowledge

--identify and research issures and questions to develop their knowledge or solutions

Qs must be designed to go down the surface

3.  Routinize: 常规

思辨英语教学应设计有效的活动反复训练高阶思维

--learn CT knowledge: Paul and Elder, Bloom and Anderson, Delphi

--practice CT routines:

Ron Ritchhart, Making Thinking Visible

think-pair-share

pose a  Q

think individually

exchange ideas in  pairs

share ideas in groups

4. integrate: 融合

--the compatibility of language and CT

--content: disciplinary, systematic, challenging

--language learning: from explicit to implicit

5. reflect 反思

通过反思活动培养元认知能力和自我调节思维的能力

Think about one's own thinking:

--problem solving

--discussing problem-solving process and metacognition

6. cooperate 合作

思辨英语教学应构建合作学习共同体

-teachers' modeling critical thinking

-CT Culture

   curious

   open-minded

   truth-seeking

   respectful

   ...

7. evaluate: 评价

思辨英语教学应运用思辨标准评价学习活动

--apply intellectual standards to the elements of reasoning in order to develop intellectual traits

--bring intellectual standards into daily use

--incorportate CT performance in the course grade

8. fulfill: 激发

思辨英语教学应最大限度激发学习者的学习潜能和英语专业的人文教育潜能

--independent learning

--language for liberal education: liberal english education