猜测词义的方法
1根据上下文猜测词义
2根据词根词缀猜测词义
3结合多种方法猜测词义
4词的字面与含义
猪 表面 家禽 隐含：懒 讽刺
5词义包含典故
典故 经典作品
yi
1转折对比 but yet however nevertheless even
2同义复述 or alsoknows as,in other words the sames as
3反义 onatherhand however although unlike
4背景常识 根据上下文的总结
5举例暗示 上下文
6逻辑推理
看到问题 知道考点 脑海里迅速寻找应对的方式
应对方式有点混乱
一点一点的细节讲
学*方法 细节问题 细节跑偏 逻辑跑偏
词义猜测与理解
外语学习者应当学会猜测词义的方法，最终掌握词汇，提高阅读能力。
一根据上下文猜测词义
01转折对比线索
02同义复述线索
03反义复述线索
04背景常识线索
05举例暗示线索
06逻辑推理线索
二根据词根词缀猜测词义
三结合多种方法猜测词义
四词的字面义与隐含义
五词义包含的典故
阅读训练四：把握主题思想和细节
一、话题、主题思想与主题句
二、如何确定话题
三、如何确定主题思想
四、如何查找主题句和主题句的支持细节
一、话题、主题思想与主题句
话题（topic）
主题思想（main idea）
主题句（topic sentence）
区分话题、主题思想与主题句
Example：
话题：环境保护
主题思想：人类应当减少自己的行为对环境的破坏
主题句：人类必须减少甚至停止不必要的消费以减少对自然环境的破坏。
二、如何确定话题
通过多次提及的词或词组确定
通过文章的标题确定
通过文章的内容进行推断
1. 通过对词题词的词或词组
Most of the news stories are centered on the negatives of debt; but in reality, there are plenty of positive aspects of personal debt. After all, very few of us could actually afford to purchase a home or attend college without some sort of assistance through credit. The key is to make debt work for you, not against you.
According to this passage, which of the following can be inferred about personal debt?
A. Different types of debts share common loan terms
B. People ought to utilize favorable aspects of personal debt.
C. Mortgage loans provide boosts to the real estate industry.
D. Paying credit card off in full every month is an unpractical goal
2. 通过文章的标题
Chinese Medicine
Modern genetic techniques are showing some effects of traditional Chinese medicine on the genome. Some of the variety of individual responses to these therapies can be explained by epigenetic influences on gene expression.
What is the main topic of this text?
A. The philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine
B. Evidence for the potency of acupuncture needles
C. The causes of the changes of gene expression
D. Traditional Chinese medicine's impact on genes.
3. 通过内容的推断
Catwalk models are, on average, 25 percent below a normal, healthy woman's weight. We know how they achieve this, because many former models say so: they starve themselves. They live on water and lettuce for weeks. When they fall below a Body Mass Index of 12, they start to consume their own muscles and tissues. Several models have dropped dead from stravation after success at fashion shows in the past few years.
What is the best title for this text?
A. What makes a successful model
B. Victims of fashion
C. How to keep fit
D. Going on a diet
三、如何确定主题思想
1. 通过正确的推测；
列举事实：
Introductory courses in ancient Greek myth are taught in many colleges and universities. In my own university, our full introductory course regularly attracts about 400 students each year. This book, then, is intended for students who have some backgroudn in Greek myth but want to know more. There is a huge body of scholarship on the topic, but much of this scholarly discussion is not easy for students, especially for those who don't read Greek or Latin. This book tries to bridge the gap between the introductory books and the scholarly studies, to present some of the research that has accumulated over the past decades in a way that is accessible for those who are not yet scholars in this field.
Where is the piece of text probably taken from?
A. An acknowledgement
B. A conclusion
C. An abstract
D. A preface
In ancient Maya, priests were consulted on civil agricultural and religious matters. The Haab was the calendar they used to plan when to plant seeds and harvest crops. Children were even named after the date on which they were born. The ancient Mayans also thought that the five days at the year's end were unlucky.
What is the LEAST possible title for this text?
A. The Maya Calendar
B. The Concept of Time
C. The Imortance of Priests
D. The Life of Ancient Mayans
以提出问题开始，然后列举争论观点
So what does psychologist's research say abput possible effects of this consumer culture on people's mental well-being? Based on the literature to date, it would be too simplistic to say that desire for material wealth unequivocally means discontent. Alghough the least materialistic people report the most life satisfaction, some studies indicate that materialists can be almost as contented if they've got the money and their acquisitive lifestyle doesn't conflict with more soul-satisfying pursuits. But for materialists with less money and other conflicting desires-a more common situation-unhappiness emerges, researchers are finding.
主题思想：追求物质财富是否具有更高的幸福感和满足感需要依据具体情况而定。
通过比较与对比
For example, if in studying botany we learn that all plants have cells, we should connect this idea to the fact that all animals have cells (which we learned in studying biology). We then can begin to consider the similarities and differences between the types of animal and plant cells while recognizing a foundational concept that applies to both botany and biology. Or consider the relation between psychology and sociology. Psychology focuses on individual behavior while sociology focuses on group behavior. But people's individual psychology influences how they relate to group norms, and social groups shape how individuals deal with their perceived life problems and opportunities.
Which of the following statements does the text directly support?
A. Most people are not aware of the relationship between botany, biology, psychology, and sociology, which is precisely why this comprehensive course is designed for college students.
B. Being critical, the reflective mind assesses what it reads for relevance, depth, and significance. Being open to new ways of thinking, it values new ideas and learns from what it reads.
C. Core ideas within one domain are related to those in other systems, for knowledge exists not only in a system but also in relation to all other systems of knowledge.
D. Small-scale structures and events underlie larger-scale phenomena of life. We can correlate observations made at different levels of the organization of life from the smallest to the largest.
列出研究结果
2. 通过主题句获取
The internal sugar industry documents, recently discovered by a researcher at the Universtiy of California, San Francisco, and published Monday in JAMA Internal Medicine, suggest that the sugar industry may have manipulated the research into the role of sugar in heart disease.
四、如何查找主题句
五、主题句的支持细节
1. 识别主题句的支持细节
2. 区分主要与次要支持细节
Getting electric cars widly adopted still presents challenges. The biggest is dealing with the remaining 13 precent of cars making trips that are too long for today's electric vehicles. People need to have a convenient alternative on their "high-energy days", Trancik says, or they will never purchase an electric vehicle. Sharing of gas-powered-vehicles is one potential solution, and down the road, quick-charging stations or battery swapping may become more realistic options
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The electric car may not be the best choice for those who travel too far.
B. The problem of insufficient mileage range will be resolved by 2020.
C. The electric car is most popular in countries where oil is expensive.
D. The key issue in developing electric cars is the government policy.
Nonverbal communication is often spontaneous and unintentional, and its meaning may be ambiguous. For one thing, different nonverbal codes can indicate the same meaning while one nonverbal code can have different meanings in diverse contexts. Think about your expression of love toward your parents. Have your affective words or behavior remained the same over the past 18 years? Do you feel the same when a friend gives you a hug at the news that you have failed an exam and at the time when you have won an award? In addition, people may use masking, a facial management technique, to replace an expression of true feeling with one appropriate for a give interaction. For instance, your friend Mary is suffering from a fever but still smiles at you to confirm that she's OK.
Which statement is true about the ambiguity of nonverbal communication?
A. It leads to vagueness in nonverbal codes in a given context.
B. Intended meanings of nonverbal codes cannot be conveyed fully.
C. It stems from the spontaneity and randomness of nonverbal codes.
D. True feelings can be hidden by the ambiguity of nonverbal codes.
一、阅读大赛样题解析
多读，平时注意积累，广泛阅读，尽量不局限于某一体裁或根据自己的爱好固定读某一文本。
进行critical thinking.读后思考，可以将同一主题，同一作者的作品进行对比思考，在阅读的过程中养成记笔记的好习惯。
一 根据上下文猜测词义
1. 转折对比线索
常用转折词：but, yet, however, nervertheless
2. 同义复述线索
常用的过渡词语：or, also known as, in other words, the same as
3. 反义复述线索
常用的过渡词语：on the other hand, however, alhough, unlike
4. 背景常识线索
5. 举例暗示线索
6. 逻辑推理线索
二 根据词根词缀猜测词义（见照片）
三 结合多种方法猜测词义
四 词的字面义（denotation）和隐含义(connotation)
五 词义包含的典故
一些出自经典作品或历史事件的专有名词有其特定的含义
Watergate(水门大厦）——水门丑闻——xxxxgate(....丑闻)
如何确定主题思想
一、正确推测
1. 列举事实；
2. 以提出问题开始，然后列举争论观点；
3. 比较与对比；
4. 列出研究结果。
二、通过主题句获取
语言衔接
1. 连接词与过渡词语
2. 指代
3. 词汇的替代、重复、省略和同义词
语意连贯
1. 要点顺序 order of ideas
2. 时间顺序 chronological order
3. 空间 spatial （光合作用 photosynthesis）
4. 逻辑 logical
段落的组织模式
1. 描写型段落
2. 陈述：讲一个故事、一件发生过的事情
3. 过程描述
4. 列举/举例
5. 分类说明
6. 下定义（常见：引导句＋主题句＋支持细节）
7. 对比/反衬（相似/相反性质）
8. 因果关系（先果后因等）
一、根据上下文猜测词义
1. 转折对比线索
2. 同义复述线索
（famished 很饿的；ireful 愤怒的；garb 衣服；alopecia 秃头症；perusal 精读，熟读）
有时不会直接进行同义复述。
3. 反义复述
on the other hand, however, although, unlike...
（immaterial 无足轻重的；erudition 博学）
4. 背景常识
（not one/an oita 一点儿也不；carving 侵蚀，侵凿）
5. 举例暗示
（turpitude 堕落，邪恶；unscrupulous 寡廉鲜耻的，不择手段的；disagreeable 令人不快的）
6. 逻辑推理
（snatch away 抢走；trample down 踩踏；intergalactic space 星际空间）
二、根据词根词缀猜测词义（23:30）
三、结合多种方法
前缀＋复述
前缀＋词根＋常识（synchronized swimmer 协同，时间，花样游泳运动员）
四、词的字面义（denotation）与隐含义（connotation）
五、词义包含的典故
watergate, -gate
Lady Macbeth
Pygmalion 奥维德《变形记》中的人物，雕刻并爱上了塑像
推理 什么是推理 什么不是推理
已说-推出没说
考察点
1理解、辨别 分析 对比已知信息 判断
2上下句 段 全文结构
3选项知识点 生词
词汇推理 段落 语气
推理技巧
类型一 上下文理解
类型二 全片文义理解
类型三 全文内容及篇章结构
1识别作者的目的 态度 语气 一些提示词
2真实概述
3备赛指南
purpose 核心要求
态度 语气
正向反向
考察点
1逻辑推理能力
2言外之意
3判断认知和情感倾向
1识别作者的目的 文本的核心话题&主旨
迷惑向 偷换主旨句的主要词
BD 迷惑
文本的主要话题是什么
正确审题-把握原文核心话题+排除对比
会不会就是因为英语和汉语问题 就是很容易把握错主旨 很容易被迷惑
2湿度作者的态度
best most 可能有其他选项也沾边
主要话题 market 语气讽刺
"The Elements is a loving reimagin
1.4
一 推理题概述
1. 什么是推理
广义：All mental activities besed on certain logic
狭义：What is said----What is unsaid
Logical reasoning:Logic
2. 主要题型及考察点
1）理解已知信息，然后进行判断或推断
2）上下句、上下段、全文结构
3）选项中的语言知识点
二 篇章推理中的技巧：阅读大赛真题解析
1. 上下句（文）义理解
2. 全篇文义理解
3. 全文内容及篇章结构
三 备赛指南
1. 答题过程
1）仔细阅读题干
2）浏览原文，确定关键词
3）排除或选定最易判断的选项
4）代入原文，比对，确定答案
2. 推理技巧
1）锁定上下句，再看全文
2）关键词、篇章组织
3）排除错误项、相似项
1.5
一 赛题概述：识别作者的目的、态度和语气
1. 如何理解作者的目的、态度和语气
目的：
What is the purpose of the text/passage/paragraph/example/quote
To argue/introduce/illustrate/provoke/arouse
To explain/illustrate/provide evidence
To reinforce/summarize/clarify
态度：+/-
psitive; confident; respectful; frank; friendly
cautious; sarcastic; determined
neutral; indifferent; unemotional
语气（tone）：
excited; interested; ironic; humorous; angry; boastful; doubtful; anxious; envious; insulting
2. 主要题型及考察点
逻辑推理能力
捕捉言外之意的能力
判断认知和情感倾向的能力
二 阅读大赛真题解析
三 备赛指南
1. 答题过程
1）仔细阅读题干
2）带着问题阅读原文
3）抓住原文的主题大意、情感倾向
4）对比、确定
2. 答题技巧
1）确定核心话题
2）抓关键词：排除或确定
第一题
关注情绪及动作词语
从语句到段落
一、什么是段落
二、段落的语言衔接和语义连贯
三、段落的组织模式
二、段落的语言衔接和语义连贯
1.语言衔接
01.使用连接词与过渡词语衔接
连接词：and,or....
过渡词：then,however,in fact, consequently,eventually....
通过使用过渡词说明后面的例子比前面的更加强有力
02.使用指代衔接
both，it，their，infer→inference....
03.使用词汇的替代、重复、省略和同义词等衔接
2.语意连贯
01.(思想）要点顺序
first，second，third...
02.时间顺序
03.空间顺序
photosynthesis： n. 光合作用
04.逻辑顺序
however
三、段落的组织模式
1.描写型段落(文学型作品中多出现）
imply ： v.意味着；蕴含；暗指
2.陈述型段落
summary：
adj.总结性的；简略的
n.总结，概要
3.过程描述型段落（一般都是通过时间顺序来进行语意连贯的）
4.列举/举例型段落
5.分类说明型段落
6.下定义型段落
7.对比/反衬型段落
对比：两个/两个以上 相似类型的
反衬：两个/两个以上 相反性质的
contrastingly
8.因果关系型段落
先果后因
9.混合型段落
文学评论（literary criticism）
文学评论是对文学作品进行批判性阅读，以文学鉴赏为基础，以文学理论作指导，对作品进行深入的分析研究和科学的评价。
新批评主义视角
1关注作品本身语言 情节 内容
2文学性+科学性
3人物情节语言风格
方法
细读法
1多样性
2
很好看快乐
话题
主题
滨泽
