如何确定主题思想

一、正确推测

1. 列举事实；

2. 以提出问题开始，然后列举争论观点；

3. 比较与对比；

4. 列出研究结果。

二、通过主题句获取

确定话题-主题思想-主题句-主题句支持细节 

主题思想

1区分 话题、主题思想、主题句 

混淆概念 

如何确定话题

1多次体提及的词组

2篇章标题

3正确推断

如何确定主题思想

1正确推测 

列举事实/提出问题开始/列举争论观点/比较对比/研究结果

2通过主题句获得

主题句的位置

1主题句在段首，后面句子举例说明，进一步阐述和证据支持

2举例+主题句+例子

3例子说明+but+主题句

2主题句在段尾。第一段段尾/最后一段的段尾

支持细节（血肉，不可分割）

用于加强主题句的表达思想/提供证据

1识别主题句的支持细节

过渡词过渡词组

2区分主要&次要的支持细节

主要细节-是什么，次要细节-解决办法

主题句的支持细节

主要   

次要

uneuqivocally

acquisite

话题

主题

很好看快乐

第一段的段尾句是主题句，这种情况最常见

不一定每一段都有主题ju

阅读训练四：把握主题思想和细节

一、话题、主题思想与主题句

二、如何确定话题

三、如何确定主题思想

四、如何查找主题句和主题句的支持细节

一、话题、主题思想与主题句

话题（topic）

• 以词或词组的形式概括一段文字或一个语篇

主题思想（main idea）

• 对话题作出的进一步阐述，表达作者对话题的立场、观点等

主题句（topic sentence）

• 直接或间接表达主题思想的句子

区分话题、主题思想与主题句

Example：

话题：环境保护

主题思想：人类应当减少自己的行为对环境的破坏

主题句：人类必须减少甚至停止不必要的消费以减少对自然环境的破坏。

二、如何确定话题

通过多次提及的词或词组确定

通过文章的标题确定

通过文章的内容进行推断

1. 通过对词题词的词或词组

Most of the news stories are centered on the negatives of debt; but in reality, there are plenty of positive aspects of personal debt. After all, very few of us could actually afford to purchase a home or attend college without some sort of assistance through credit. The key is to make debt work for you, not against you. 

According to this passage, which of the following can be inferred about personal debt?

A. Different types of debts share common loan terms

B. People ought to utilize favorable aspects of personal debt. 

C. Mortgage loans provide boosts to the real estate industry. 

D. Paying credit card off in full every month is an unpractical goal

2. 通过文章的标题

Chinese Medicine

Modern genetic techniques are showing some effects of traditional Chinese medicine on the genome. Some of the variety of individual responses to these therapies can be explained by epigenetic influences on gene expression. 

What is the main topic of this text?

A. The philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine

B. Evidence for the potency of acupuncture needles

C. The causes of the changes of gene expression

D. Traditional Chinese medicine's impact on genes. 

3. 通过内容的推断

Catwalk models are, on average, 25 percent below a normal, healthy woman's weight. We know how they achieve this, because many former models say so: they starve themselves. They live on water and lettuce for weeks. When they fall below a Body Mass Index of 12, they start to consume their own muscles and tissues. Several models have dropped dead from stravation after success at fashion shows in the past few years. 

What is the best title for this text?

A. What makes a successful model

B. Victims of fashion 

C. How to keep fit 

D. Going on a diet 

三、如何确定主题思想

1. 通过正确的推测；

• 列举事实
• 以提出问题开始
• 列举争论的观点，但不给结论
• 比较与对比
• 列出研究结果

列举事实：

Introductory courses in ancient Greek myth are taught in many colleges and universities. In my own university, our full introductory course regularly attracts about 400 students each year. This book, then, is intended for students who have some backgroudn in Greek myth but want to know more. There is a huge body of scholarship on the topic, but much of this scholarly discussion is not easy for students, especially for those who don't read Greek or Latin. This book tries to bridge the gap between the introductory books and the scholarly studies, to present some of the research that has accumulated over the past decades in a way that is accessible for those who are not yet scholars in this field. 

Where is the piece of text probably taken from?

A. An acknowledgement 

B. A conclusion

C. An abstract 

D. A preface 

In ancient Maya, priests were consulted on civil agricultural and religious matters. The Haab was the calendar they used to plan when to plant seeds and harvest crops. Children were even named after the date on which they were born. The ancient Mayans also thought that the five days at the year's end were unlucky. 

What is the LEAST possible title for this text?

A. The Maya Calendar

B. The Concept of Time

C. The Imortance of Priests 

D. The Life of Ancient Mayans 

以提出问题开始，然后列举争论观点

So what does psychologist's research say abput possible effects of this consumer culture on people's mental well-being? Based on the literature to date, it would be too simplistic to say that desire for material wealth unequivocally means discontent. Alghough the least materialistic people report the most life satisfaction, some studies indicate that materialists can be almost as contented if they've got the money and their acquisitive lifestyle doesn't conflict with more soul-satisfying pursuits. But for materialists with less money and other conflicting desires-a more common situation-unhappiness emerges, researchers are finding.

主题思想：追求物质财富是否具有更高的幸福感和满足感需要依据具体情况而定。

通过比较与对比

For example, if in studying botany we learn that all plants have cells, we should connect this idea to the fact that all animals have cells (which we learned in studying biology). We then can begin to consider the similarities and differences between the types of animal and plant cells while recognizing a foundational concept that applies to both botany and biology. Or consider the relation between psychology and sociology. Psychology focuses on individual behavior while sociology focuses on group behavior. But people's individual psychology influences how they relate to group norms, and social groups shape how individuals deal with their perceived life problems and opportunities. 

Which of the following statements does the text directly support? 

A. Most people are not aware of the relationship between botany, biology, psychology, and sociology, which is precisely why this comprehensive course is designed for college students. 

B. Being critical, the reflective mind assesses what it reads for relevance, depth, and significance. Being open to new ways of thinking, it values new ideas and learns from what it reads. 

C. Core ideas within one domain are related to those in other systems, for knowledge exists not only in a system but also in relation to all other systems of knowledge. 

D. Small-scale structures and events underlie larger-scale phenomena of life. We can correlate observations made at different levels of the organization of life from the smallest to the largest. 

列出研究结果

2.  通过主题句获取

The internal sugar industry documents, recently discovered by a researcher at the Universtiy of California, San Francisco, and published Monday in JAMA Internal Medicine, suggest that the sugar industry may have manipulated the research into the role of sugar in heart disease. 

四、如何查找主题句

五、主题句的支持细节

1. 识别主题句的支持细节

2. 区分主要与次要支持细节

• 通过过渡词识别支持细节：along the same lines, also, moreover, in other words, more precisely, in addition, first, second, third, finally, then, too, . . . 

Getting electric cars widly adopted still presents challenges. The biggest is dealing with the remaining 13 precent of cars making trips that are too long for today's electric vehicles. People need to have a convenient alternative on their "high-energy days", Trancik says, or they will never purchase an electric vehicle. Sharing of gas-powered-vehicles is one potential solution, and down the road, quick-charging stations or battery swapping may become more realistic options 

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. The electric car may not be the best choice for those who travel too far. 

B. The problem of insufficient mileage range will be resolved by 2020. 

C. The electric car is most popular in countries where oil is expensive. 

D. The key issue in developing electric cars is the government policy. 

Nonverbal communication is often spontaneous and unintentional, and its meaning may be ambiguous. For one thing, different nonverbal codes can indicate the same meaning while one nonverbal code can have different meanings in diverse contexts. Think about your expression of love toward your parents. Have your affective words or behavior remained the same over the past 18 years? Do you feel the same when a friend gives you a hug at the news that you have failed an exam and at the time when you have won an award? In addition, people may use masking, a facial management technique, to replace an expression of true feeling with one appropriate for a give interaction. For instance, your friend Mary is suffering from a fever but still smiles at you to confirm that she's OK. 

Which statement is true about the ambiguity of nonverbal communication?

A. It leads to vagueness in nonverbal codes in a given context. 

B. Intended meanings of nonverbal codes cannot be conveyed fully. 

C. It stems from the spontaneity and randomness of nonverbal codes. 

D. True feelings can be hidden by the ambiguity of nonverbal codes.