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undistributed不周延

undistributed 

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logical fallacy

逻辑谬误:

 

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九、常见的逻辑谬误(一)

Arguments: premises, inferences and conclusions. 前提,推理过程,结论

 

Logical Fallacy

“推理过程”错误或“前提”错误

 

Formal Fallacies(deductive)

valid: sound//unsound

invalid

 

Informal Fallacies(inductive)

Inductive Arguments are by nature Fallacious

Fallacies of Ambiguity/Relevance/Presumption

 

Formal: propositional fallacies 复合命题式

affriming a disjunct: X or Y; X, therefore not Y.

“小明成功既可以是因为他有才能,也可以是他人脉好。小明有才能,因此他人脉不好。”

“有才能”和“人脉好”不是完全对立的,可以同时存在。

affirming the consequent: if X, then Y; Y, therefore X.

“如果小明考试作弊,那他就能及格;现在小明及格了,说明他考试作弊了”

X不是Y的充分条件。
denying the antecedent: if X; then Y; not X, therefore not Y.

......

 

syllogistic fallacies 三段论式

affirmative: a. all X is Y // i: some X is Y

negative: e. no X is Y // o: some X is not Y

 

 

1.illicit affirmative: both premises are affirmative but has a negative conclusion.

e.p. All movie stars are rich.

Some rich people are mean.

Therefore, some movie stars are not mean.

 

2.illicit negative: 结论肯定,至少有一个否定前提。

e.p. We are not rich people.

Rich people don't care about poor people.

Therefore, we care about poor people.

 

3.illicit major

e.p. All X are Y

No Z are X

Therefore, no Y is Z. (大前提的Y不代表Y的全部性质,而结论的Y代表全部)

 

4.illicit minor

e.p. All X are Y

All X are Z

Therefore, all Z are Y. (小前提中的Z不代表Z的全部性质,而结论的Z却代表了全部)

 

5.undistributed middle

e.p. All cats are mammals

All dogs are mammals

Therefore, all cats are dogs. (中项mammals对于大前提cats和小前提dogs的对应部分不完全重叠,而结论把这部分完全重叠了)

 

6. four terms

e.p. Nothing is better than ture love.

Money is better than nothing.

Therefore, money is better than ture love. (大前提和小前提的nothing不是同一个term,这里一共有四个terms)

 

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disjunct肯定选言 xy都可能为真  不能认为x为真,y就一定是假

consequent肯定条件  不能由结果推条件

antecedent否定前项 对条件的充分、必要性判断失误

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逻辑推理中的逻辑谬误

Formal fallacies

1.compound propositions

  X or Y; X, therefore not Y

  if X, then Y;(not) Y,therefore (not)X

三段论

前提不周言,结论周言 ✖ 

两个前提中中项不周言,结论大项(小项)周言 ✖

只能包含3个term

nothing等语义不明确的算2个term

Informal fallacies

  

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周延:指全部的A,即all A或 no A

不周延: 指A 的一部分,并非全部,即 A, some A等

undistributed middle 指中项 在大前提和小前提都是不周延的,大项和小项无相关性

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肯定 肯定 否定 (错误)

否定 否定 肯定 (错误)

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