十、常见逻辑谬误（二）
Informal Fallacies: Inductvie arguments are technically invalid, （即使前提正确也可能推出错误结论），因此”归纳推理“中论点和论据关系常被分为strong和weak。
Fallacies of Ambiguity
1.fallacy of equivocation
e.p. The sign said "fine for parking here".
I'm fine.
Therefore, I park here.
2.straw man fallacy
person A has position X
person B presents position Y (which is a distorted version of X)
person B attacks position Y
Therefore X is false/incorrect/flawed.
e.p. Bill: We should clean out the closets. They are getting a bit messy.
Joe: Why? We just went through those closets last month. Do we have to clean them out everyday?
Bill: I never said anything about doing that every day! You just want to keep all your junk forever, which is ridiculous! （Bill说应该搞卫生了(X)，Joe反驳说难道我们应该天天搞卫生吗(Y)将X概念换成了Y概念，攻击Y概念）
Fallacies of Presumption
1.false dilemma
故意创造出either...or...两分情景，实际上还有第三种选择。
2.slippery slope
“一个马蹄铁导致国家灭亡的故事”
A导致B，B导致C，C导致......所以A最终会导致Z。其中的关联性都只是“probably”而没有紧密必然性。
3.begging the question 循环论证（结论已经包含在前提中）
e.p. God exist.
How do you know?
Coz the Bible says so.
Why should I trust the Bible?
Because it's the words of God!
4.Post hoc(fallacy of false cause)
发生在后的事件一定“某”个发生在前的事件导致的（也许是某一些或...）
5. Texas Sharpshooter
“你看到的是你最想看到的事实”
刻意拿出部分数据来证明两件事之间的相关性，其实在全部样本之下两件事之间关系并不紧密。
Fallacies of Relevance
e.p. appeal to antiquity（传统这么做是对的，所以现在做依然是对的）/novelty/authority（用一个领域专家的话去论证另一个领域是对的）/popularity/...
Bandwagon (一件事情被越来越多的人认为是对的)
书籍推荐
《Proofiness by Charles Seife》
《The Black Swan by Nassim Nicholas Taleb》
《Love is Fallacy》(a passage picked from a textbook)
