非文学批判式阅读

把作者的事实和观点区分开来（facts&belief）

如何对非文学文本进行批判性阅读？

Critical Discourse Analysis （CDA）批判性话语分析

可以从哪些方面对文本进行批判性阅读？

Who is the author?

Is the piece aimed at a particular audience? A neutral audience? Persons who are already sympathetic  to the author's point of view? A hostile audience?

What is the author's thesis? (argument, main point, claim)?

What assumptions does the author make? Do I share them? If not, why not? （assumption 是观点背后更基本的价值观和价值取向）

• Example：We should not legalize recreational drugs. Illegal drugs cause too much street violence and other crimes. 
• Reason: illegal drugs cause violence and other crimes. 
• assupmtion: Public safety is more important than freedom of choice. 

Does the author ever confuse facts with beliefs or opinions?

What appeals does the author make? To reason, to emotions, or to trustworthy?

Example: Martin Luther King "Where do we go from here?"

If you will let me be a preacher just a little bit(appeal to authority) - One night, a juror came to Jesus and he wanted to know what he could do to be saved. Jesus didn't get bogged down in the kind of isolated approach of what he shouldn't do. Jesus didn't say, "Now Nicodemus, you must stop lying." HE didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must stop cheating if you are doing that." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must not commit adultery." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, now you must stop drinking liquor if you are doing that excessively." He said something altogether different, because Jesus realized something basic - that if a man will lie, he will steal. And if a man will steal, he will kill. So instead of just getting bogged down in one thing, Jesus looked at him and said, "Nicodemus, you must be born again." (使用类比，美国需要彻底改变，appeal to reason，emotion)

How convincing is the evidence?

(major kinds of evidence include: intuition, personal experience, testimonials, appeals or authorities, personal observations, case examples, research studies, analogies) 可信度由低到高

Are significant objections or counter-evidence adequately discussed?

How is the text organized, and is the organization effective? Are the title, the opening paragraphs, and the concluding paragraphs effective? In what ways?

What is the author's tone? Is is appropriate?

To what extent had the author convinced me? Why?

例文：来自新视野英语

1. Who is the author？

2. Does the author ask me to accept facts or opinions?

3. Is the evidence convincing？（persoanl experience/observations）

 例文2: