《批判性思维》，格雷戈里·巴沙姆（Gregory Bassham）

all thinking must be assessed for quality using universal intellectual standards.

clarity, precision, accuracy, relevance, depth

清晰性，精确性，准确性，相关性，深刻性

breadth, completeness, logic, fairness, significance

广阔性，完整性，逻辑性，公正性，重要性

（Paul & Elder, 2016）

思辨英语教学原则：

对标 target；评价 evaluate；操练 routinize；反思 reflect；探究 inquire；实现 fulfill；融合 integrate；内容 content

Questions guiding the preparation:

a. What is my fundamental purpose?

b. What is my point of view with respect to the issue?

c. What assumptions am I using in my reasoning?

d. What are the implications of my reasoning (if I am correct)?

e. What information do I need to answer my question?

f. What are my most fundamental inferences or conclusions?

g. What is the most basic concept in the question?

h. What is the key question I am trying to answer?

Feedback 苏格拉底式提问

a. 要求做出说明 What's your main point?

b. 拷问假设 What are you assuming?

c. 拷问原因和证据 Do you have any evidence for that?

d. 拷问起因或原因 Where did you get this idea?

e. 拷问影响与后果 What are you implying by that? 

f. 探索不同观点或视角 Can you see this another way?