reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do.

(Ennis, 2018)

思辨概念的理论共识

目的性：做出关于信念与行为的理性判断(sound judgement)

反思性：对思维的检验与监控（reflective thinking; "thinking about thinking", metacognition）

双维性：思辨技能+思辨倾向（cognitive skills+ dispositions/ intellectual traits/attributes

思辨技能

阐释（interpretation）分析（analysis）评价（evaluation）推断（inference）解释（explanation）自我调节（self-regulation）

Bruner：

two modes of thinking:

logicoscientific(causal/logical)

narrative(to interpret meaning of the events and actions of human experience)

narrative elements:

character, setting, conflict, plot, theme

《批判性思维》，格雷戈里·巴沙姆（Gregory Bassham）

all thinking must be assessed for quality using universal intellectual standards.

clarity, precision, accuracy, relevance, depth

清晰性，精确性，准确性，相关性，深刻性

breadth, completeness, logic, fairness, significance

广阔性，完整性，逻辑性，公正性，重要性

（Paul & Elder, 2016）

思辨英语教学原则：

对标 target；评价 evaluate；操练 routinize；反思 reflect；探究 inquire；实现 fulfill；融合 integrate；内容 content

Questions guiding the preparation:

a. What is my fundamental purpose?

b. What is my point of view with respect to the issue?

c. What assumptions am I using in my reasoning?

d. What are the implications of my reasoning (if I am correct)?

e. What information do I need to answer my question?

f. What are my most fundamental inferences or conclusions?

g. What is the most basic concept in the question?

h. What is the key question I am trying to answer?

Feedback 苏格拉底式提问

a. 要求做出说明 What's your main point?

b. 拷问假设 What are you assuming?

c. 拷问原因和证据 Do you have any evidence for that?

d. 拷问起因或原因 Where did you get this idea?

e. 拷问影响与后果 What are you implying by that? 

f. 探索不同观点或视角 Can you see this another way?

John Dewey

one: role of the lecturer

two: role of the audience

three: content & performance of lecture

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

over 1500 public lectures

breadth of topics

what Emerson's lectures reveal is that public lectures can successfully engage an audience by remaining abstract & removed from everyday life of the audience.

Mark Twain (1835-1910)

travel lectures

what Twain's lectures reveal is that lecture audiences like being taken on imaginative tours of new places, people and ideas; these tours remove them temporarily from their own problems.

德尔菲报告 

Paul-Elder model

活动设计关键词

identify, compare, analyze, evaluate

设计具体原则：

语言与思辨能力融合发展；

意义优先，隐形语言学*；

任务组成：目标，输入，场景，活动；

任务的真实性：交际的意义

35 dimenstions of critical thought;

Paul-Elder Model