系统功能语言学(基础篇)

系统功能语言学(基础篇)
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4 结语

什么是人际功能?把语言作为一种资源来进行交换、商量,对信息进行处理,表明讲话人的态度,讲话人话语的角色和言语功能。一方面通过语气,语气到一个clause里,有一个语气部分,具体体现主语+限定成分,语气这个系统是真沉的和祁使的,直陈的里面

也可以是那两个图那样说

主要弄清人际的含义,人际的含义指讲话人与听话人的关系,角色关系的变换,一方面可以用语气来表示,我是给予信息还是索取,是给予物品服务还是索取。还可以有评估情态都可以表示人际意义。

系统功能语言学是适用语言学,要用于实践。

什么是语气?

语气系统

人际功能(意义)是怎样和在哪里(被)体现的?

语气与话语(语篇)类型:菜谱、电器说明书(不能商量 语篇类型决定),访谈(访谈人与被访谈人角色不同,如果反问,角色没做对,从体裁来说,违反了使用语言的规则,就造成不好的效果),课堂话语,新闻报道。

Question:

1.一个作品的翻译,从理论上说,要把原理的信息通过另一种物理翻译出去,涉及很多方面,把原来文本意思翻译成另一种语言,不能完全对等,是一种创作。“should we go home""let's go home"都表示基本意思,但语气不同,根据翻译目的和你对作品理解的不同。

2.如何看待新闻语篇中经验功能与人际功能的耦合关系?

人际与经验不是耦合关系,一个小句同时存在这两个功能。耦合关系:metafunctions与register天然有关系

人际功能register中的tenor(讲话人与听话人之间的关系)

经验功能中的register与field,语篇功能与mode

3.在运用语气系统分析语篇人际功能时,是必须结合语境来分析?

是的,语境:上下文的语境,情景的语境,文化语境,语境很重要

4.请问语气的定义是什么?为什么主语加上限定成分叫做语气?谓语和谓体是同一个概念么?

语气:小句的人际系统中的核心成分,用来交换信息,直陈、疑问。功能语言学是意义系统,要有形式才可以实现,落到形式就是主语+限定成分。she is a teacher. is she a teacher? 主语和限定成分的换位改变语气。

谓体与谓语不是同一个概念。he is writing a letter. he -subject, is-finite, writing-predicate ,letter-compliment(并不用object,用补语). 传统语法:he-subject, is writing a letter-predicate.

一个理论有一个体系

5.小句的划分依据是什么?

什么东西是个小句,有没有过程(语法有没有V)

6.只要是语言就有人际功能,人际功能是语言系统的一部分。

7.系统功能有什么软件,能够根据系统功能语言学的规则,自动对小句的语法成分和过程进行划分?

8.谓体的作用:表示一个过程。谓体与finite在一起体现了过程的意义。if having a prosses , there will be a clause。

 

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SFL “ ‘
普通语言论理

适用语言理论理论框架

 

 

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黄国文

小句三大元功能 :

人际 --用语言来沟通

语篇--用语言来组织信息、话语

 概念--经验和逻辑

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书目推荐:

1:系统功能语言学核心术语 2016年 外研社

2:

hasan

fawcett

语篇能够完成一个交际功能

 

 

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SFL是普通语言学也是使用语言学

系统的,功能的,应用的,研究实际问题的;重视语篇的

SFL采取的是进化的,而不是颠覆的

Hasan --context 

理论-实践-再理论-再实践

四位学者

R. Hasan, R. Fawcett, J. Martin, C. Matthiessen. 

 

 

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基础篇

Lecture1  基本概念

1. 引用

general linguistics

appliable linguistics

流派

formalism

functionalism: 把形式和意义联系 重点在意义

2. 简史

50s MAK halliday

three dimension

3. 特点: choice function  stratification  embody/realize体现关系

4. 术语:

  • systemic
  • functional
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系统功能语言学

Experiential, interpersonal, textual,logical

 

 

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personal involvement 评价者的评价是主观的客观。

先研究词汇再研究语言。

语言研究的过程是理论,实践,理论,实践。研究语言学的人比较多,更多的是研究言。

研究与人多人少无关,培养人要学*知识,还是学*无用的知识,人的素养等。

批评话语:对事物的描述是语言话语,语言主体不同,语言建构的事情发生的现象,代表语言主体的立场和态度。

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了解语言的结构和功能,才能更好的使用语言。

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 心理过程

Mental p*esses

Typical participant: Sensor , Phenomemon 

Affection/emotion

Desideration

Perception

Cognition

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这里的“修辞的”是指什么?为什么跟“逻辑”放在一起进行对比?

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(关系过程:一个事物和另一个事物之间的关系. something is saide to be sth else.

1. 归属类关系过程:某实体是某个群体的一员或负载着某种特征。实体可为人,物,情形等等,载体为carrier, 实体所具有的特征或特点为attribute. 载体ca 具有 at 特征 

她是一名本科生。

ca+pro+at

她聪明

CA+pro

她聪明

She is clever.

归属类过程很少倒置

 

2. 识别类关系过程 

一个具体标记(token):外表,符号,形式,名称,

一个抽象价值(价值,value):实质,意义,职能,身份

从语义配置角度讲,揭示的是我们所在社会的文化意识形态。

识别类前后等值,可以倒置

TK+PRO+Vl

她是我最好的朋友。

Vl+pro+TK

我最好的朋友是她。

 

3. 位置类关系过程

描述实体与其位置之间的关系,两个参与者分别是 ca和location, 位置可以是时间上的,也可以是空间上的,空间位置更常见。

ca+pro+loc

我的家在北京。

ag-ca +pro+loc

她生活在北京。

af-ca+pro+loc

她困在房间里。

 

4. 方向类关系过程

通常描述实体的一种静态方向,也就是实体(ca)与方向(dir)之间的关系。

方向包括source来源,path路径,destination目的地

 

5. 拥有类关系过程 possessive p*ess

两个参与者, possessor(posr); possessed(posd)

posr+pro+posd

她有很多书。

posd+pro+posr

这本书,属于他。

 

6. 关联类关系过程

相关方1 correlator 1

相关方2  correlator 2

语义配置:主要描述两个参与者通过过程联系在一起,这种过程通常表达一种静止的状态。

 

7. 影响类的关系过程(见word)

 

动作,心理,关系过程是语篇当中的最主要的三类过程。

分析:

关系过程及参与者角色分析

话语发出者怎么样使用语言来表征 自己所认识的世界,自己的想法,已经想法背后所表达的意思。

 

用功能语言学解读语篇表层以及背后的意义。

 

Q&A

1. 如何提高通过过程分析后对语篇背后意义的挖掘?

读后思考:what impressed me most?

读与语篇相关的周边信息,找到关联性。再结合过程分析逐一证明。

 

疑问:系统功能语言学的语篇分析只是对主观意向的自证?

2. 不同关系过程的使用频次有何分析意义?

动作过程多:务实,非空谈

e.g. 中美新冠新闻 及物性过程分析,(频次分析假设,中国动作过程多,美国动作过程少)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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两个核心方面:

普通语言学理论范畴

适用语言学 问题导向理论

 

形式主义与功能主义是两种语言研究潮流

功能语言学把形式与意义联系起来,语言意义是研究重点

韩礼德 进化途径 提出理论,实验检验,修正再理论化

1961  句法理论

1966  系统语法

1968-70 功能语法

1978  社会意义学

1985  系统功能语法

1990  系统功能语言学

2000  适用语言学

 

3. 系统功能语言学特点

choice理论:系统的,纵聚合关系

function理论:语言的作用;元功能

层次 stratification:语义,词汇语法,音系(体现关系)

理论——>实践——>理论——>实践

语言是意义系统,意义由形式体现。(意义是最主要的)

整个模式包括了理论与实践两部分。

 

理论取向:

功能而不是形式

应用而不是纯理论

实际的而不是理想化的

语篇的而不是句子的(实用)

修辞的而不是逻辑的

观察的而不是内省的。

 

4. 核心术语:

《系统功能语言学核心术语》

系统的 systemic: 呈现纵聚合关系的范畴,用语对比两个或更多选项(feature/term/option),并有一个入列件,在使用中只能选择一个。

eg: 语态(入列条件)entry condition/时态(现在,过去,将来) 句子(直陈 indicative VS imperative 祈使)

 

系统:析取(二中取一,不能同时使用, or)

系统:合取(同时取两个或更多,and)

eg: 小句包括概念功能,人际功能,语篇功能。

他是个老师。

概念:关系过程

人际:陈述

语篇:主位

合取>析取

 

系统网络 system network

一个系统(system)可以含有一个或更多的系统,这样构成了系统网络

 

功能的(functional)

功能主要指:

1. 语言内部结构(句子短句等的主谓宾结构是有意义的,有功能的)

2. 语言使用功能

三大元功能:

概念功能:

1. 经验功能:及物性(动作/心理,关系过程+物质过程

2. 逻辑功能:并列,扩展(句与句的关系)

人际功能:陈述或提问(讲话人与听话人的关系)

语篇功能:主位或述位(信息/小句的起始点)

 

重合(conflation)

He is a driver. He是主语(人际),也是主位(语篇)

扩展(expansion): 从人际功能看,he is是语气,语气扩展成主语he和限定成分is

次序(ordering) (句子里不同部分之间的顺序)

从人际功能看,he is 是给予信息,is he 是索取信息

 从语篇功能看,主位(theme)总是先于述位

 

语言组织的功能性

Although he is rich, he is unhappy.

He is rich, but he is unhappy.

句子的末端用来放新信息。

 

5. 语篇分析

语篇分析是sfl的一个组成部分。

把话语当作成品(artefact) 如何使用(适用语言学)

把话语当成样本(specimen)  由点到面(普通语言学)

 

6. 小结

SFL是普通 适用 语言学

SFL是问题导向理论,是为解决问题而设计的。

SFL是系统的(强调纵聚合),功能的(不是形式的),是应用的(不是纯理论的),是研究实际问题的(不是理想化的),是重视语篇的(不是句子的)

SFL是进化的,不是颠覆的。

SFL的建构路径是:理论,实践,再理论,再实践

 

如何与翻译研究结合?

翻译的对等?

概念功能对等,人际功能对等,

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Mental process

The process is to describe the human's mental activity. Participants are SENSOR and PHENOMENON.

SENSOR is the entity going through the process, PHENOMENON is what is being sensed by the sensor.

The process has 4 subtypes, EMOTION, DESIDERATION, PERCEPTION, and COGNITION.

Emotion is the process to express the Sensor’s feeling, emotion. The process verbs of EMOTION have 2 categories, “like” and “please”. Sensor in this type is called EMOTER

Desideration is the process to express the Sensor’s intention, eagerness and willingness, similar to Emotion, but weaker in intensity. Sensor in this type is called DESIDERATOR

Perception is the process to express what the sensor perceives by his senses of sight, hearing, etc. Sensor in this type is called PERCEIVER

Cognition is the process to describe the sensor’s cognitive activities, such as thinking, belief. COGNIZANT

The participant of the mental process can be both a mental one and a material one. They are compound participant

The influential mental process, like the material one, has two parts.

 

 

 

 

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Experiential Function is the function to express human’s experience of the world, including physical one and mental one.

Logical function is to connect different experiential events logically.

They are 6 basic experiential processes and 1 special type, meteorological process. Each process has its own Influential (or conative使役) type.

Material/Action process:

Action process can be categorized into one-role, two-role, three-role types according to the number of participants involved in the process.

For ACTORS, if the process describes what is the actor doing, the actor is AGENT(施事), and the process is intentional; if the process describes what happens to the actor, the actor is AFFECTED(受事) and the process is involuntary.  

If the participant is unaffected during the process or not changed by the agent, it is called RANGE.

The participant is CREATED if created in the process.

MANNER, usually in the form of inevitable circumstantial adverbial to complement process verbs, is also a participant, e.g., he behaved very well.

The participant as the place where the agent goes from, through, by or to, is called DIRECTION.

The participant moving in the process is CARRIER.

As the start point, the Direction is SOURCE; as the place the agent goes through, it is PATH; as the destination, it’s DESTINATION.

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Modality: Expressions of inderterminacy between the positive and negative poles, which interpersonally construct the semantic region of uncertainty that lies between 'yes' and 'no'.

It means, modality is the degree ranging between the positive pole “yes” and the negative pole “pole” to show the speaker’s uncertainty.

Modality is conveyed by Finite and mood adjunct.

The Modality expressing the degree of probability and usuality in the exchanges of information is Modalisation; the modality expressing the degree of inclination and obligation in the exchanges of goods&services is modulation.

Evaluation can be simply defined as the indication of whether the speaker thinks that something (a person, thing, action, event, situation, idea, etc.) is good or bad. (Thompson 2004/2008: 75)

It means evaluation is speaker’s attitude to and comment on a thing by the expression of adjectives or phrases.

From the angle of evaluation, there are objective one and subjective one.

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The meaning of Interpersonal: Language is used to establish relations between people, express one’s points of view and elicit or change others’.

Interpersonal role: demander, giver

Commodity of exchange: information; goods&services

As for information, giving is conducted in the form of statement while demanding is question; as for goods&services, giving is done by means of offer while demanding is command.

“Definition of interpersonal metafunction: One of the metafunctions of language: language organized as a resource for enacting roles and relations between speaker and addressee as meaning.”C Matthiessen et al (2010/2016: 143)

It means, language, in the form of meaning, shows the role of the speaker and the listener and their relations.

Mood is a system made up of types including indicative, imperative, etc. to fulfill the speech function. Each function has its own type or types. For example, statement matches declarative.

Mood types are realized by the ordering of Mood element, namely Subject and Finite.

 

 

 

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Systemic functional linguistics is general linguistics to describe universal features of the language and applied to solve problems (appliable and problem-oriented) 

There are two schools in the study of linguistics, namely formalism and functionalism. The latter connects the forms and meanings of the language.

SFL is being developed in an evolutionary approach. So to speak, existent theories are continuously examined by practice and modified.

Halliday (1994: xiv): "A language is interpreted as a system of' meanings, accompanied by Ibnns through which the meanings can be realized.”, which means, the language is a system used to express the meanings by its forms.

The System means the language is a paradigmatic entity consisting of features of which the language can choose one or more than one for a certain entry condition. (入列条件)

Or(析取) relation means choosing only one feature, like the voice for an entry condition. A clause can be constructed in either active voice or passive voice.

And(合取), means having two or more features, like the metafunctions of a clause.

The System network means an entry condition has a couple of systems that can exist in either “or” or “and” relation.

Conflation means the constituent of different functions of a clause may overlap.

Ordering of a clause can alter the function of a clause.

A text as an artifact means the text is used to analyze the application.

A text as a specimen means the text is used to summarize the general feature of the language.

SFL: Fields of activity and degree of generalization

4. Theorizing language

3. Typologizing languages (based on existing descriptions)

2. Describing a language (based on texts, using an existing theory)

1. Analyzing texts (using an existing description)

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情态是处于正极和负极之间的不确定表达,是在“是”和“否”之间的不确定区域。

情态通过小句的与其成分体现,也可以通过限定成分、语气附加语表达。

Type of modality:

1. Modalisation情态化(information)

(1) probability概率

(2) usuality频率

2. modulation意态化(goods-&-services)

(1) obligation义务

(2) inclination意愿

他一定会考上大学。(情态化,推测)

我一定要考上大学。(意态化,意愿)

他应该有40岁。(情态化,推测)

我应该去考大学。(意态化,意愿)

 

情态状语(Modal Adjunct)

评论词语:unfortunately, surprisingly, interestingly; surely; in my opinion

 

评价、评估(Evalutation)

(1) 好,漂亮,善良

(2)It is + important/interesting/easy/amazing/strange/obvious/difficult/likely/ etc. + that-clause

(3) The use of rude words/expressions and explctives usu. reflects the speaker's attitudes to/evaluation of something (eg anger, annoyance, solidarity, excitement, unhappiness, etc.)

The use of rude words and expressions will reveal the speaker's identity(social class, education, etc.)

 

协商

讲话人与听话人的协商

讲话人给听话人分配交际角色

谁能回答这个问题?(不确定谁)

看谁能回答这个问题?(不确定谁)

王军你能回答这个问题吗?(确定王军)

我看只有王军可以回答这个问题。(确定王军)

王军回答不了,谁都回答不了。(确定王军)

协商与客气、亲近、关心

(对小孩说)妈妈在家吗?(你妈妈)

(护士对病人)帮我把探烧针放在腋下好吗?

(指对方单位)咱们学院有多少教师啊?

 

评价框架:

J.R.Martin

“评价框架”(Appraisal framework)

属于“人际功能”

深入、细滑

 

 

 

 

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授课教师

华南农业大学
北京外国语大学